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A brain metastasis is a cancer that has metastasized (spread) to the brain from another location in the body and is therefore considered a secondary brain tumor. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The metastasis typically shares a cancer cell type with the original site of the cancer. [ 3 ]
The average five-year survival rate for all (malignant) brain cancers in the United States is 33%. [4] Secondary, or metastatic, brain tumors are about four times as common as primary brain tumors, [2] [10] with about half of metastases coming from lung cancer. [2]
In practice, CT or MRI scans are used to detect brain metastases. [9] Although MRI has a modestly higher detection rate [9] and can find smaller metastases, [9] contrast-enhanced CT scan can be a suitable choice [9] due to many factors such as MRI-incompatible metal prosthetics, claustrophobia, or noise-intolerance.
Clinically, CNS metastasis is known to cause haemorrhage or obstruction in the cranial portion of the CNS leading to hydrocephalus. [9] Additionally, metastatic lesions are usually discrete within the brain and appear as spherical masses that displace the brain parenchyma rather than invading the tissues. [10]
Brain metastasis can be single or multiple and involve any portion of the brain. Metastasis to dural structures generally occurs by hematogenous spread or direct invasion from a contiguous bone. Dural metastases can invade the underlying brain and cause focal edema and associated neurologic symptoms. These processes tend to cause seizures early ...
Whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT) is a treatment option for patients with brain metastases. In WBRT, radiation therapy is administered broadly, to the whole brain, over multiple treatments. In WBRT, radiation therapy is administered broadly, to the whole brain, over multiple treatments.
Meningiomas, which develop in the meninges, are common primary brain tumors, representing approximately 37% of all brain tumors. [15] The incidence rate for meningiomas is 9.51 per 100,000 people. [9] Unlike gliomas, more than 98% of meningiomas are nonmalignant [15]. The 5-year survival rate for nonmalignant meningiomas is approximately 91%. [9]
Kaplan-Meier curve illustrating overall survival based on volume of brain metastases.Elaimy et al. (2011) [6] In its simplest form, the hazard ratio can be interpreted as the chance of an event occurring in the treatment arm divided by the chance of the event occurring in the control arm, or vice versa, of a study.