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Extrinsic emotion regulation efforts by caregivers, including situation selection, modification, and distraction, are particularly important for infants. [72] The emotion regulation strategies employed by caregivers to attenuate distress or to up-regulate positive affect in infants can impact the infants' emotional and behavioral development ...
Caregivers use strategies such as distraction and sensory input (e.g., rocking, stroking) to regulate infants’ emotions. Despite a reliance on caregivers to change the intensity, duration, and frequency of emotions, infants are capable of engaging in self-regulation strategies as young as 4 months.
In addition, children who have increased levels of cortisol, during daycare or nursery school time, experience extreme hardship upholding attention. [25] Maintaining attention is a part of self-regulation, and these children are not able to regulate their behaviors due to the high cortisol levels. [25]
A close emotional bond to the caregiver is therefore crucial for protection from physical harm, and thus the internal working model mediates attachment. [8] This regulation is enforced via a motivational-behaviour system, motivating both infant and caregiver to seek proximity. [6]
Current research indicates that parent-child relationships characterized by less affection and greater hostility may result in children developing emotional regulation problems. [ 28 ] [ 29 ] If the child's emotional needs are ignored or rejected, they may experience greater difficulty dealing with emotions in the future. [ 30 ]
Co-regulation has been identified as a critical precursor for emotional self-regulation.Infants have instinctive regulatory behaviors, such as gaze redirection, body re-positioning, self-soothing, distraction, problem solving, and venting, [3] but the most effective way for an infant to regulate distress is to seek out help from a caregiver.
Carolyn Ingrid Saarni (May 13, 1945 – June 5, 2015) was a developmental psychologist known for groundbreaking research on children's development of emotional competence and emotional self-regulation, [1] and the role of parental influence in emotional socialization. [2]
Parents can encourage new behaviors in their children, and with enough support a slow-to-warm-up child can become less shy, or a difficult baby can become easier to handle. More recently infants and children with temperament issues have been called "spirited" to avoid negative connotations of "difficult" and "slow to warm up". Numerous books ...