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The cell wall is flexible during growth and has small pores called plasmodesmata that allow the exchange of nutrients and hormones between cells. [2] Many types of plant cells contain a large central vacuole, a water-filled volume enclosed by a membrane known as the tonoplast [3] that maintains the cell's turgor, controls movement of molecules ...
Cell growth refers to an increase in the total mass of a cell, including both cytoplasmic, nuclear and organelle volume. [1] Cell growth occurs when the overall rate of cellular biosynthesis (production of biomolecules or anabolism) is greater than the overall rate of cellular degradation (the destruction of biomolecules via the proteasome, lysosome or autophagy, or catabolism).
In addition to growth by cell division, a plant may grow through cell elongation. This occurs when individual cells or groups of cells grow longer. Not all plant cells grow to the same length. When cells on one side of a stem grow longer and faster than cells on the other side, the stem bends to the side of the slower growing cells as a result.
The proembryo stage is defined by the continued growth of the cotyledons and axis elongation. [12] In addition, programmed cell death must occur during this stage. This is carried out throughout the entire growth process, like any other development. [14] However, in the torpedo stage of development, parts of the suspensor complex must be ...
Cells in the meristem can develop into all the other tissues and organs that occur in plants. These cells continue to divide until they differentiate and then lose the ability to divide. Thus, the meristems produce all the cells used for plant growth and function. [3] At the tip of each stem and root, an apical meristem adds cells to their length
Auxin diffuses along the shaded side of the plant, and causes cellulose in the cell wall to break, allowing turgor (water pressure) to expand the cell. Growth of cells contributes to the plant's size, unevenly localized growth produces bending, turning and directionalization of organs- for example, stems turning toward light sources ...
Plant tissue culture relies on the fact that many plant parts have the ability to regenerate into a whole plant (cells of those regenerative plant parts are called totipotent cells which can differentiate into various specialized cells). Single cells, plant cells without cell walls (protoplasts), pieces of leaves, stems or roots can often be ...
While cytokinin action in vascular plants is described as pleiotropic, this class of plant hormones specifically induces the transition from apical growth to growth via a three-faced apical cell in moss protonema. This bud induction can be pinpointed to differentiation of a specific single cell, and thus is a very specific effect of cytokinin. [18]