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The somatic fusion process occurs in four steps: [4] The removal of the cell wall of one cell of each type of plant using cellulase enzyme to produce a somatic cell called a protoplast; The cells are then fused using electric shock (electrofusion) or chemical treatment to join the cells and fuse together the nuclei.
Volvox colony: 1) Chlamydomonas-like cell, 2) Daughter colony, 3) Cytoplasmic bridges, 4) Intercellular gel, 5) Reproductive cell, 6) Somatic cell. Volvox is a polyphyletic genus in the volvocine green algae clade. [2]
Also, standard PEG cell fusion is poorly reproducible and different types of cells have various fusion susceptibilities. This type of cell fusion is widely used for the production of somatic cell hybrids and for nuclear transfer in mammalian cloning. [8] Sendai virus induced cell fusion occurs in four different
This is a list of genetic hybrids which is limited to well documented cases of animals of differing species able to create hybrid offspring which may or may not be infertile. Hybrids should not be confused with genetic chimeras , such as that between sheep and goat known as the geep .
More practically, in agronomy Chimera indicates a plant or portion of a plant whose tissues are made up of two or more types of cells with different genetic makeup; it can derive from a bud mutation or, more rarely, at the grafting point, from the concrescence of cells of the two bionts; in this case it is commonly referred to as a "graft ...
Many plant species and cultivars within species, including triticale, are recalcitrant in that the success rate of achieving whole newly generated (diploid) plants is very low. Genotype by culture medium interaction is responsible for varying success rates, as is a high degree of microspore abortion during culturing.
Like the previous example, this protein is present in plants, protists, and invertebrates. This fusogen resembles the eukaryotic somatic fusogen mentioned earlier, EFF-1. The presence of HAP2 induces hemifusion and the mixing of cell content. [6] Yet when considering asexual reproduction, somatic cells can also undergo cell-cell fusion or self ...
Switchgrass somatic embryos. Somatic embryogenesis is an artificial process in which a plant or embryo is derived from a single somatic cell. [1] Somatic embryos are formed from plant cells that are not normally involved in the development of embryos, i.e. ordinary plant tissue. No endosperm or seed coat is formed around a somatic embryo.