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Bark is present only on woody plants - herbaceous plants and stems of young plants lack bark. Tree cross section diagram. From the outside to the inside of a mature woody stem, the layers include the following: [20]
In trees, the phloem is the innermost layer of the bark, hence the name, derived from the Ancient Greek word φλοιός (phloiós), meaning "bark". [3] [4] The term was introduced by Carl Nägeli in 1858. [5] [6] Different types of phloem can be distinguished. The early phloem formed in the growth apices is called protophloem.
A common malformation of a branch attachment in a tree is the inclusion of bark within the join, commonly referred to as a 'bark inclusion' or 'included bark'. This malformation is known to weaken the connection of the branch to the rest of the tree's structure, as it acts to block the formation of the axillary wood at the branch attachment's apex.
The resulting bark pocket formed during inosculation or in a tree fork is referred to as included bark. [citation needed] When a branch is encapsulated, the outer bark on the branch may remain inside the wood of the tree, as the trunk widens and grows around the branch. [citation needed]
The vascular cambium is the main growth tissue in the stems and roots of many plants, specifically in dicots such as buttercups and oak trees, gymnosperms such as pine trees, as well as in certain other vascular plants. It produces secondary xylem inwards, towards the pith, and secondary phloem outwards, towards the bark.
The trunk consists of five main parts: The outer bark, inner bark , cambium, sapwood (live xylem), and heartwood (dead xylem). [2] From the outside of the tree working in: The first layer is the outer bark; this is the protective outermost layer of the trunk. Under this is the inner bark which is called the phloem. The phloem is how the tree ...
The quinine bark tree (Cinchona officinalis) contains bitter substances to make the bark unpalatable. [62] Large tree-like plants with lignified trunks in the Pteridophyta, Arecales, Cycadophyta and Poales such as the tree ferns, palms, cycads and bamboos have different structures and outer coverings. [64]
It is different from the main vascular cambium, which is the ring between the wood on the inside (top) and the red bast outside it. Cork cambium (pl.: cambia or cambiums) is a tissue found in many vascular plants as a part of the epidermis. It is one of the many layers of bark, between the cork and primary phloem.