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Until the 1980s, the Finnish financial market was tightly regulated: the Bank of Finland controlled interest rates, foreign exchange rates, and import and export of currency. High interest rates caused a chronic excess in potential demand vs. available supply of debt.
Central bank Pegged with Austria: Euro: Oesterreichische Nationalbank: float Belgium: National Bank of Belgium Croatia: Croatian National Bank Cyprus: Central Bank of Cyprus Estonia: Bank of Estonia Finland: Bank of Finland France: Bank of France Germany: Deutsche Bundesbank Greece: Bank of Greece Ireland: Central Bank of Ireland Italy: Bank of ...
A central bank may use another country's currency either directly in a currency union, or indirectly on a currency board. In the latter case, exemplified by the Bulgarian National Bank, Hong Kong and Latvia (until 2014), the local currency is backed at a fixed rate by the central bank's holdings of a foreign currency. Similar to commercial ...
Foreign-exchange reserves is generally used to intervene in the foreign exchange market to stabilize or influence the value of a country's currency. Central banks can buy or sell foreign currency to influence exchange rates directly. For example, if a currency is depreciating, a central bank can sell its reserves in foreign currency to buy its ...
Wim Duisenberg, first President of the ECB. The European Central Bank is the de facto successor of the European Monetary Institute (EMI). [7] The EMI was established at the start of the second stage of the EU's Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) to handle the transitional issues of states adopting the euro and prepare for the creation of the ECB and European System of Central Banks (ESCB). [7]
It views itself as the fourth oldest surviving central bank in the world, after Sweden's Riksbank, the Bank of England, and the Bank of France, [2] having been originally created in 1811-1812 as the Office of Exchange, Lending, and Deposits of the Grand Duchy of Finland (Finnish: Waihetus-, Laina- ja Depositioni-Contori Suomen Suuren ...
Central bank name Currency Currency share percentage of global allocated reserves in Q4 2022 (%) Central bank governor Native name of central bank Establishment United States: Federal Reserve: United States dollar: 58.36 Jerome Powell: 1913 European Union: European Central Bank: Euro: 20.47 Christine Lagarde: 1998 Japan: Bank of Japan: Japanese ...
Central bank interest rate (%) Change Effective date of last change Average inflation rate 2017–2021 (%) by WB and IMF [1] [2] as in the List Central bank interest rate minus average inflation rate (2017–2021) Afghanistan: 6.00 3.00: 24 July 2021 [3] 3.38 2.62 Albania: 2.75 0.25: 6 November 2024 [4] 1.78 0.97 Algeria: 3.00 0.25: 29 April ...