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Levator ani syndrome is a condition characterized by burning pain or tenesmus of the rectal or perineal area, [1] caused by spasm of the levator ani muscle. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] The genesis of the syndrome is unknown; however, inflammation of the arcus tendon is a possible cause of levator ani syndrome.
Injection site reactions (ISRs) are reactions that occur at the site of injection of a drug. They may be mild or severe and may or may not require medical intervention. Some reactions may appear immediately after injection, and some may be delayed. [1] Such reactions can occur with subcutaneous, intramuscular, or intravenous administration.
Shown is 500 mcg B-12 (as 1/2 cc) drawn up in a 0.5-cc U-100 27 gauge x 1/2" insulin syringe, as prepared for subcutaneous injection. Pernicious anemia is usually easily treated by providing the necessary level of vitamin B 12 supplementation. [63] Pernicious anemia can be treated with intramuscular injections of vitamin B 12. [64]
Peripheral neuropathy may be classified according to the number and distribution of nerves affected (mononeuropathy, mononeuritis multiplex, or polyneuropathy), the type of nerve fiber predominantly affected (motor, sensory, autonomic), or the process affecting the nerves; e.g., inflammation (), compression (compression neuropathy), chemotherapy (chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy).
Common qualities include burning or coldness, "pins and needles" sensations, numbness and itching. [3] Up to 7–8% of the European population is affected by neuropathic pain, [4] and in 5% of persons it may be severe. [5] [6] The pain may result from disorders of the peripheral nervous system or the central nervous system (brain and spinal ...
According to Lopate, et al., methylprednisolone is a viable treatment for chronic inflammatory demyelinative polyneuropathy (which can also be treated with intravenous immunoglobulin). The authors also indicate that prednisone has greater adverse effects in such treatment, as opposed to intermittent (high-doses) of the aforementioned medication.
Cyanocobalamin is a form of vitamin B 12 used to treat and prevent vitamin B 12 deficiency except in the presence of cyanide toxicity. [7] [8] [2] The deficiency may occur in pernicious anemia, following surgical removal of the stomach, with fish tapeworm, or due to bowel cancer. [9] [5] It is used by mouth, by injection into a muscle, or as a ...
The resulting elevated concentrations of homocysteine and MMA are often found in patients with low serum vitamin B 12 and can usually be lowered with successful vitamin B 12 replacement therapy. However, elevated MMA and homocysteine concentrations may persist in patients with cobalamin concentrations between 200 and 350 pg/mL. [ 23 ]