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The earliest historical linguistic evidence of the spoken Chinese language dates back approximately 4500 years, [1] while examples of the writing system that would become written Chinese are attested in a body of inscriptions made on bronze vessels and oracle bones during the Late Shang period (c. 1250 – 1050 BCE), [2] [3] with the very oldest dated to c. 1200 BCE.
A 2006 survey by the Modern Language Association found that Chinese accounted for 3% of foreign language class enrollment in the United States, making it the seventh most commonly learned foreign languages in the United States. Most Chinese as foreign language classes teach simplified characters and Standard Mandarin Chinese. [24]
In 1990, Menzies began researching Chinese maritime history. [19] [20] [21] He had, however, no academic training and no command of the Chinese language, which his critics argue prevented him from understanding original source material relevant to his thesis. [22]
Born on 1 October, the same date as the founding of the People's Republic of China, "he liked to say it was destiny that brought him and China together", said Yawei Liu, a close friend of Carter's.
The Chinese in America. A Narrative History. Penguin. ISBN 0-14-200417-0. (Nachdruck) Cassel, Susan Lan. The Chinese in America: A History from Gold Mountain to the New Millennium, AltaMira Press, 2002, ISBN 0-7591-0001-2; Lai, Him Mark, Becoming Chinese American. A History of Communities and Institutions: AltaMira Press, 2004, ISBN 0-7591-0458-1
The Chinese Historical Society of America (simplified Chinese: 美国华人 历史 学会; traditional Chinese: 美國華人歷史學會; pinyin: Měiguó Huárén Lìshǐ Xuéhuì; Jyutping: Mei 5 gwok 3 Waa 4 jan 4 Lik 6 si 2 Hok 6 wui 6; abbreviated CHSA) is the oldest and largest archive and history center documenting the Chinese American experience in the United States.
The American Garden at the Thirteen Factories in Canton, 1844–45. According to John Pomfret: To America's founders, China was a source of inspiration. They saw it as a harmonious society with officials chosen on merit, where the arts and philosophy flourished, and the peasantry labored happily on the land.
Bridgman became America's first "China expert." Among his other works was the first Chinese language history of the United States: "Short Account of the United States of America" (or "Meilike Heshengguo Zhilüe") and "The East-West Monthly Examiner" (or "Dong Hsi Yang Kao Meiyue Tongji Zhuan").