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The International Annealed Copper Standard (IACS) is a standard established in 1914 by the United States Department of Commerce. [1] It is an empirically derived standard value for the electrical conductivity of commercially available copper.
Electrical conductivity is a measure of how well a material transports an electric charge.This is an essential property in electrical wiring systems. Copper has the highest electrical conductivity rating of all non-precious metals: the electrical resistivity of copper = 16.78 nΩ•m at 20 °C.
The 20 °C value is only an approximation when used at other temperatures. For example, the coefficient becomes lower at higher temperatures for copper, and the value 0.00427 is commonly specified at 0 °C. [53] The extremely low resistivity (high conductivity) of silver is characteristic of metals.
Price of Copper 1959–2022. The price of copper is volatile. [37] ... Copper's superior conductivity enhances the efficiency of electrical motors. [136]
The plate distance is one centimeter, the special conductivity values were calculated from the Lasance approximation formula in The Thermal conductivity of Air at Reduced Pressures and Length Scales [28] and the primary values were taken from Weast at the normal pressure tables in the CRC handbook on page E2. [27]
Charge carrier densities involve equations concerning the electrical conductivity, ... Copper: 1 8.47 × 10 22: Silver: 1 5. ... The values for n among metals ...
(room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) calculated from single crystal values 56.2 LNG (10 −8 Ωm) 56.2 WEL (10 −8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 55 22 Ti titanium; use 0.39 μΩm 0.420 μΩm CRC (10 −8 Ωm) 39 LNG (10 −8 Ωm) 42.0 WEL (10 −8 Ωm) (293 K–298 K) 40 23 V vanadium; use 24.1 nΩm 181 nΩm 197 nΩm 201 nΩm 202 nΩm 348 nΩm
Kittel [8] gives some values of L ranging from L = 2.23×10 −8 V 2 K −2 for copper at 0 °C to L = 3.2×10 −8 V 2 K −2 for tungsten at 100 °C. Rosenberg [ 9 ] notes that the Wiedemann–Franz law is generally valid for high temperatures and for low (i.e., a few Kelvins) temperatures, but may not hold at intermediate temperatures.