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Underground mining (hard rock) Underground mining (soft rock) There are three directions by which an underground mine may be conducted: Drift mining, mining horizontally; Shaft mining, mining vertically; Slope mining, mining at an inclined angle Stoping is the process of extracting out the ore from underground, leaving a hole called a stope ...
There are two principal phases of underground mining: development mining and production mining. Development mining is composed of excavation almost entirely in (non-valuable) waste rock in order to gain access to the orebody. There are six steps in development mining: remove previously blasted material (muck out round), scaling (removing any unstable slabs of rock hanging from the roof and ...
A drum hoist (steel wire rope visible) and motor. In underground mining a hoist or winder [1] is used to raise and lower conveyances within the mine shaft.Modern hoists are normally powered using electric motors, historically with direct current drives utilizing Ward Leonard control machines and later solid-state converters (), although modern large hoists use alternating current drives that ...
Hydraulic mining is a form of mining that uses high-pressure jets of water to dislodge rock material or move sediment. [1] In the placer mining of gold or tin, the resulting water-sediment slurry is directed through sluice boxes to remove the gold. It is also used in mining kaolin and coal.
A schematic overview of the machinery used irony a raised boring. A raise borer is a machine used in underground mining, to excavate a circular hole between two levels of a mine without the use of explosives. The raise borer is set up on the upper level of the two levels to be connected, on an evenly laid platform (typically a concrete pad).
Till the 1970s such equipment mainly used mechanical systems and cables for power transmission after which they started to be replaced by hydraulic drive system for small machines. However, mechanical and cable drives are still dominant in large machines. A similar development took place in the development of underground machinery.
It is used for various applications in geology, agriculture, hydrology, civil engineering, and mineral exploration. Today, most Earth drilling serves one of the following purposes: return samples of the soil and/or rock through which the drill passes; access rocks from which material can be extracted; access rocks which can then be measured
Underground longwall mining. Mining techniques can be divided into two common excavation types: surface mining and sub-surface (underground) mining. Today, surface mining is much more common, and produces, for example, 85% of minerals (excluding petroleum and natural gas) in the United States, including 98% of metallic ores. [45]