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However, the largest volcano on the planet, Olympus Mons, is thought to have formed when the plates were not moving. Olympus Mons may have formed just after the plate motion stopped. The mare-like plains on Mars are roughly 3 to 3.5 billion years old. [72] The giant shield volcanoes are younger, formed between 1 and 2 billion years ago.
Pre-Noachian: the interval from the accretion and differentiation of the planet about 4.5 billion years ago to the formation of the Hellas impact basin, between 4.1 and 3.8 Gya. [13] Most of the geologic record of this interval has been erased by subsequent erosion and high impact rates.
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Volcanoes, wind, or water can produce layers. [8] A detailed discussion of layering with many Martian examples can be found in Sedimentary Geology of Mars. [9] Layers can be hardened by the action of groundwater. Martian ground water probably moved hundreds of kilometers, and in the process it dissolved many minerals from the rock it passed ...
Arsia Mons once spewed molten rock across the surface of Mars, but some smaller volcanic features may have come from another source. In a select few places on Earth, mud erupts rather than molten ...
The team suspects the bedrock was broken by an impact that occurred when a celestial body slammed into Mars 3.9 billion years ago, creating a 745-mile-wide (1,200-kilometer) basin that scattered ...
Olympus Mons (/ ə ˌ l ɪ m p ə s ˈ m ɒ n z, oʊ-/; [4] Latin for 'Mount Olympus') is a large shield volcano on Mars.It is over 21.9 km (13.6 mi; 72,000 ft) high as measured by the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA), [5] about 2.5 times the elevation of Mount Everest above sea level.
The flanks of some volcanoes are believed to have been exposed to rainfall because they resemble those occurring on Hawaiian volcanoes. [3] Many craters look as if the impactor fell into mud. When they were formed, ice in the soil may have melted, turned the ground into mud, then the mud flowed across the surface. [4]