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2. Postpositivism - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpositivism

   Postpositivism or postempiricism is a metatheoretical stance that critiques and amends positivism [1] and has impacted theories and practices across philosophy, social sciences, and various models of scientific inquiry. While positivists emphasize independence between the researcher and the researched person (or object), postpositivists argue ...

3. Philosophy of science - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_science

   Philosophy of science focuses on metaphysical, epistemic and semantic aspects of scientific practice, and overlaps with metaphysics, ontology, logic, and epistemology, for example, when it explores the relationship between science and the concept of truth. Philosophy of science is both a theoretical and empirical discipline, relying on ...

4. Ontology - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology

   Ontology. Ontology is the philosophical study of being. As one of the most fundamental concepts, being encompasses all of reality and every entity within it. To articulate the basic structure of being, ontology examines what all entities have in common and how they are divided into fundamental classes, known as categories.

5. Subjectivity and objectivity (philosophy) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjectivity_and...

   The root of the words subjectivity and objectivity are subject and object, philosophical terms that mean, respectively, an observer and a thing being observed.The word subjectivity comes from subject in a philosophical sense, meaning an individual who possesses unique conscious experiences, such as perspectives, feelings, beliefs, and desires, [1] [3] or who (consciously) acts upon or wields ...

6. Constructivism (philosophy of science) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructivism_(philosophy...

   Constructivism is a view in the philosophy of science that maintains that scientific knowledge is constructed by the scientific community, which seeks to measure and construct models of the natural world. According to constructivists, natural science consists of mental constructs that aim to explain sensory experiences and measurements, and ...

7. Wolfgang Smith - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Smith

   Wolfgang Smith. Wolfgang Smith (February 18, 1930 – July 19, 2024) was an Austrian mathematician, physicist, philosopher of science, metaphysician, and member of the Traditionalist School. He wrote extensively in the field of differential geometry, as a critic of scientism and as a proponent of a new interpretation of quantum mechanics that ...

8. Naturalism (philosophy) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)

   In philosophy, naturalism is the idea that only natural laws and forces (as opposed to supernatural ones) operate in the universe. [1] In its primary sense, [2] it is also known as ontological naturalism, metaphysical naturalism, pure naturalism, philosophical naturalism and antisupernaturalism. "Ontological" refers to ontology, the ...

9. Ontology (information science) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)

   Computer Science Ontology, an automatically generated ontology of research topics in the field of computer science; Cyc, a large Foundation Ontology for formal representation of the universe of discourse; Disease Ontology, [46] designed to facilitate the mapping of diseases and associated conditions to particular medical codes