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Internal combustion engines date back to between the 10th and 13th centuries, when the first rocket engines were invented in China. Following the first commercial steam engine (a type of external combustion engine) by Thomas Savery in 1698, various efforts were made during the 18th century to develop equivalent internal combustion engines.
The High-Speed Internal Combustion Engine. Singal, R.K. Internal Combustion Engines. New Delhi, India: Kataria Books. ISBN 978-93-5014-214-1. Stone, Richard (1992). Introduction to Internal Combustion Engines (2nd ed.). Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-55083-0. Yamagata, H. (2005). The Science and Technology of Materials in Automotive Engines ...
International Journal of Engine Research. 12 (3): 209– 226. doi: 10.1177/1468087411401548. Reitz, Rolf D.; Duraisamy, Ganesh (February 2015). "Review of high efficiency and clean reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) combustion in internal combustion engines". Progress in Energy and Combustion Science. 46: 12– 71.
The efficiency of internal combustion engines depends on several factors, the most important of which is the expansion ratio. For any heat engine the work which can be extracted from it is proportional to the difference between the starting pressure and the ending pressure during the expansion phase. Hence, increasing the starting pressure is ...
The engine is the largest reciprocating engine in the world. The 14-cylinder version first entered commercial service in September 2006 aboard the Emma Mærsk . The design is similar to the older RTA96C engine, but with common rail technology (in place of traditional camshaft , chain gear , fuel pump and hydraulic actuator systems).
The engine configuration describes the fundamental operating principles by which internal combustion engines are categorized. Piston engines are often categorized by their cylinder layout, valves and camshafts. Wankel engines are often categorized by the number of rotors present. Gas turbine engines are often categorized into turbojets ...
Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) is a form of internal combustion in which well-mixed fuel and oxidizer (typically air) are compressed to the point of auto-ignition. As in other forms of combustion , this exothermic reaction produces heat that can be transformed into work in a heat engine .
A ceramic engine is an internal combustion engine made from specially engineered ceramic materials. Ceramic engines allow for the compression and expansion of gases at extremely high temperatures without loss of heat or engine damage. [1] Proof-of-concept ceramic engines were popularized by successful studies in the early 1980s and 1990s.