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Exercise induced amenorrhoea occurs in 5-25% of athletes and 1.8% of the general population. The incidence is higher in marathon runners and is more frequent in women who weigh less and were slightly younger. [2] Exercise amenorrhoea has also been reported in ballet dancers, cyclists, swimmers and those involved in non-weight bearing sports. [1]
Early sports specialization is part of the increasing dominance of adults in children's leisure activities. [6] Early sports specialization is opposed by many sports and medical organizations, including the International Olympic Committee and the American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine. [3] [10] [8]
In athletes that engage in such sports, the pressure to perform promotes excessive dieting and other disordered eating habits, as athletes try to conform to expected weight patterns. More severe examples of disordered eating habits may include binge-eating ; purging ; and the use of diet-pills , laxatives , diuretics , and enemas .
Athletic Insight was established in 1999 to serve as a peer-reviewed, nonproprietary journal that would provide a forum for discussion of topics that are relevant to the field of sport psychology through a quarterly online publication.
Amenorrhea or amenorrhoea is the absence of a menstrual period in a female who has reached reproductive age. [1] Physiological states of amenorrhoea are most commonly seen during pregnancy and lactation ( breastfeeding ).
Exercise-related factors generally affect athletes who participate in sports that require intensive training and a low body weight, causing a net energy deficiency. [ 4 ] [ 6 ] FHA due to excessive exercise has been defined as an at least 6-month absence of menses in otherwise healthy females lacking chronic severe illness who exercise eight or ...
Instructors may model behaviors to the peer tutors and may role play with the peer tutors, allowing the peer tutors to experience both parts in the PMI relationship. Once the PMI relationship begins, the teacher provides on-going feedback, watching the peer at all times while the intervention is being used. (Chan et al., 2009).
In 2005, it was thought that: although some children with autism also have gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, there is a lack of published rigorous data to support the theory that autistic children have more or different GI symptoms than usual; [182] studies report conflicting results, and the relationship between GI problems and ASD is unclear. [5]