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  2. Hierarchical and recursive queries in SQL - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical_and_recursive...

    A common table expression, or CTE, (in SQL) is a temporary named result set, derived from a simple query and defined within the execution scope of a SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE statement. CTEs can be thought of as alternatives to derived tables , views, and inline user-defined functions.

  3. Data orientation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_orientation

    The two most common representations are column-oriented (columnar format) and row-oriented (row format). [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The choice of data orientation is a trade-off and an architectural decision in databases , query engines, and numerical simulations. [ 1 ]

  4. Database normalization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_normalization

    In situations where the number of unique values of a column is far less than the number of rows in the table, column-oriented storage allow significant savings in space through data compression. Columnar storage also allows fast execution of range queries (e.g., show all records where a particular column is between X and Y, or less than X.)

  5. Third normal form - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_normal_form

    The third normal form (3NF) is a normal form used in database normalization. 3NF was originally defined by E. F. Codd in 1971. [2] Codd's definition states that a table is in 3NF if and only if both of the following conditions hold: The relation R (table) is in second normal form (2NF).

  6. MongoDB - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MongoDB

    MongoDB can be used as a file system, called GridFS, with load-balancing and data-replication features over multiple machines for storing files. This function, called a grid file system, [36] is included with MongoDB drivers. MongoDB exposes functions for file manipulation and content to developers.

  7. Document-oriented database - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document-oriented_database

    The PHONE_NUMBER table also contains a foreign key column, "CONTACT_ID", which holds the unique ID number assigned to the contact when it was created. In order to recreate the original contact, the database engine uses the foreign keys to look for the related items across the group of tables and reconstruct the original data.

  8. Data reduction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_reduction

    Data reduction is the transformation of numerical or alphabetical digital information derived empirically or experimentally into a corrected, ordered, and simplified form. . The purpose of data reduction can be two-fold: reduce the number of data records by eliminating invalid data or produce summary data and statistics at different aggregation levels for various applications

  9. Levenshtein distance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levenshtein_distance

    The table is easy to construct one row at a time starting with row 0. When the entire table has been built, the desired distance is in the table in the last row and column, representing the distance between all of the characters in s and all the characters in t .