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As promoters are typically immediately adjacent to the gene in question, positions in the promoter are designated relative to the transcriptional start site, where transcription of DNA begins for a particular gene (i.e., positions upstream are negative numbers counting back from -1, for example -100 is a position 100 base pairs upstream).
An upstream activating sequence or upstream activation sequence (UAS) is a cis-acting regulatory sequence found in yeast like Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is distinct from the promoter and increases the expression of a neighbouring gene .
In most Tet-Off systems, several repeats of such TetO sequences are placed upstream of a minimal promoter such as the CMV promoter. The entirety of several TetO sequences with a minimal promoter is called a tetracycline response element (TRE), because it responds to binding of the tetracycline transactivator protein tTA by increased expression ...
The B recognition element (BRE) is a DNA sequence found in the promoter region of most [clarification needed] genes in eukaryotes and Archaea. [1] [2] The BRE is a cis-regulatory element that is found immediately near TATA box, and consists of 7 nucleotides. There are two sets of BREs: one (BREu) found immediately upstream of the TATA box, with ...
Another form of translational regulation in eukaryotes comes from unique elements on the 5′ UTR called upstream open reading frames (uORF). These elements are fairly common, occurring in 35–49% of all human genes. [18] A uORF is a coding sequence located in the 5′ UTR located upstream of the coding sequences initiation site.
Gal4 is a modular protein consisting broadly of a DNA-binding domain and an activation domain. The UAS to which GAL4 binds is CGG-N 11-CCG, where N can be any base. [6] Although GAL4 is a yeast protein not normally present in other organisms it has been shown to work as a transcription activator in a variety of organisms such as Drosophila, [7] and human cells, highlighting that the same ...
Most research on the TATA box has been conducted on yeast, human, and Drosophila genomes, however, similar elements have been found in archaea and ancient eukaryotes. [2] In archaea species, the promoter contains an 8 bp AT-rich sequence located ~24 bp upstream of the transcription start site.
The cAMP response element (CRE) is the response element for CREB which contains the highly conserved nucleotide sequence, 5'-TGACGTCA-3’. CRE sites are typically found upstream of genes, within the promoter or enhancer regions. [8] There are approximately 750,000 palindromic and half-site CREs in the human genome.