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In applied mathematics, weak duality is a concept in optimization which states that the duality gap is always greater than or equal to 0. This means that for any minimization problem, called the primal problem, the solution to the primal problem is always greater than or equal to the solution to the dual maximization problem.
In linear algebra, Cramer's rule is an explicit formula for the solution of a system of linear equations with as many equations as unknowns, valid whenever the system has a unique solution. It expresses the solution in terms of the determinants of the (square) coefficient matrix and of matrices obtained from it by replacing one column by the ...
Formally, the construction is as follows. [1] Let be a vector space over a field, and let be a subspace of .We define an equivalence relation on by stating that iff .That is, is related to if and only if one can be obtained from the other by adding an element of .
Another contrast is between linear and non-linear models. Most early models of communication are linear models. They present communication as a unidirectional process in which messages flow from the communicator to the audience. Non-linear models, on the other hand, are multi-directional: messages are sent back and forth between participants.