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In Islamic legal terminology, bāligh (Arabic: بالغ, adult) or mukallāf (Arabic: مكلف, responsible) or muhallāq (Arabic: محلاق, tendril, mentally matured) or murāhiq (Arabic: مراهق, adolescent) or muhtalim (Arabic: محتلم, pubescent) refers to someone who has reached maturity or puberty, and has full responsibility under Islamic law.
The first generation of Muslims are called the companions of Muhammad. The second generation of Muslims are called tābi‘ūn "Successors". The third generation are called tabi‘ū al-tabi‘īn "successors of the Successors". [1] The three generations make up the Salaf, the "Ancestors", of Islam.
The era of the companions began following the death of Muhammad in 632 CE, and ended in 110 AH (728 CE) when the last companion Abu al-Tufayl died. Later Islamic scholars accepted their testimony of the words and deeds of Muhammad, the occasions on which the Quran was revealed and other important matters in Islamic history and practice.
Among the Banu Hashim, Muhammad's clan, Ja'far ibn Abi Talib and Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib were two early Muslims. [24] Ubyda ibn al-Harith, some years senior to Muhammad, was another relative of him who embraced Islam early on. [25] Besides Abu Bakr, a young Talha ibn Ubayd Allah was another early convert from the Banu Taym clan in Mecca. [25]
Many social changes took place under Islam between 610 and 661, including the period of Muhammad's mission and the rule of his immediate successor(s) who established the Rashidun Caliphate. A number of historians stated that changes in areas such as social security , family structure, slavery and the rights of women improved on what was present ...
In psychology, maturity can be operationally defined as the level of psychological functioning (measured through standards like the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children) one can attain, after which the level of psychological functioning no longer increases much with age.
Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani, a Salafi scholar, stated on this matter: “The term Ahl al-Fatrah refers to everyone whom the dawah (message of Islam) has not reached in a correct manner as it came in the Shariah… Such people will not be punished on the Day of Judgement [for their disbelief in this world].
The historiography of early Islam is the secular scholarly literature on the early history of Islam during the 7th century, from Muhammad's first purported revelations in 610 until the disintegration of the Rashidun Caliphate in 661, and arguably throughout the 8th century and the duration of the Umayyad Caliphate, terminating in the incipient Islamic Golden Age around the beginning of the 9th ...