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Horizontal cells span across photoreceptors and summate inputs before synapsing onto photoreceptor cells. [1] [2] Horizontal cells may also synapse onto bipolar cells, but this remains uncertain. [1] [4] There is a greater density of horizontal cells towards the central region of the retina.
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Cajal–Retzius cells were described to migrate tangentially in the marginal zone, a superficial layer of the preplate in the cortical neuroepithelium, [3] [4] According to some studies, this migration depends on the site where the cell was generated, showing a link between the origin, the migration and the destination of the cell.
The horizontal cells lie in the outer part of the inner nuclear layer and possess somewhat flattened cell bodies.. Their dendrites divide into numerous branches in the outer plexiform layer, while their axons run horizontally for some distance and finally ramify in the same layer.
The signal goes first to the bipolar and horizontal cells (yellow layer), then to the amacrine cells and ganglion cells (purple layer), then to the optic nerve fibres. The signals are processed in these layers. First, the signals start as raw outputs of points in the rod and cone cells.
Bipolar cells effectively transfer information from rods and cones to ganglion cells. The horizontal cells and the amacrine cells complicate matters somewhat. The horizontal cells introduce lateral inhibition to the dendrites and give rise to the center-surround inhibition which is apparent in retinal receptive fields.
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Like horizontal cells, amacrine cells work laterally, but whereas horizontal cells are connected to the output of rod and cone cells, amacrine cells affect the output from bipolar cells, and are often more specialized. Each type of amacrine cell releases one or several neurotransmitters where it connects with other cells. [2]