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In 1992, Janoff-Bulman delineated a theory of trauma response (Shattered Assumptions Theory).Janoff-Bulman posits that humans have basic assumptions about the world in which they live, based on the belief that the world is a benevolent and meaningful place and that the individual has self-worth. [8]
Critical incident stress management (CISM) is a system of support for individuals and groups who have been exposed to trauma. It is a form of psychological first aid . It includes pre-incident preparedness and acute crisis management through post-crisis follow-up.
Stress produces numerous physical and mental symptoms which vary according to each individual's situational factors. These can include a decline in physical health, such as headaches, chest pain, fatigue, sleep problems, [1] and depression. The process of stress management is a key factor that can lead to a happy and successful life in modern ...
Terror-management theorists regard TMT as compatible with the theory of evolution: [17] Valid fears of dangerous things have an adaptive function that helped facilitate the survival of our ancestors' genes.
A number of psychological theories [8] [9] [10] at least partly explain the occurrence of occupational stress. The theories include the demand-control-support model, the effort-reward imbalance model, the person-environment fit model, job characteristics model, the diathesis stress model, and the job-demands resources model.
The ICD-10 also contained a medical condition category of "F43.8 Other reactions to severe stress." [72] In 2003, Liu and van Liew [50] wrote that "the term burnout is used so frequently that it has lost much of its original meaning. As originally used, burnout meant a mild degree of stress-induced unhappiness.
Prolonged stress can disturb the immune, digestive, cardiovascular, sleep, and reproductive systems. [17] For example, it was found that: Chronic stress reduces resistance of infection and inflammation, and might even cause the immune system to attack itself. [27] Stress responses can cause atrophy of muscles and increases in blood pressure. [28]
Stress ulceration is a single or multiple fundic mucosal ulcers that causes upper gastrointestinal bleeding, and develops during the severe physiologic stress of serious illness. It can also cause mucosal erosions and superficial hemorrhages in patients who are critically ill, or in those who are under extreme physiologic stress, causing blood ...