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A concretion is a hard and compact mass formed by the precipitation of mineral cement within the spaces between particles, and is found in sedimentary rock or soil. [1]
They commonly occur as concretions in mudstones and siltstones. Pyrite and marcasite (FeS 2) are sulfide minerals and favor reducing conditions. They are the most common in fine-grained, dark colored mudstones. Hematite (Fe 2 O 3) is usually the pigment in red beds and requires oxidizing conditions.
These concretions occur as both spherical cannonball concretions and flat, disk-shaped or oval concretions. Unlike the Moeraki boulders, some of these concretions contain the bones of mosasaurs and plesiosaurs. [3] Similar large spherical concretions have been found in many other countries. [citation needed]
Similar to the marine nodules, concretion layers are defined based on iron and manganese content as well as their combination. [2] High iron content nodules appear a red or brown color, while high manganese content appears black or grey. [2] The dominant metal oxide is related to the elements enriched in the nodule.
With saltwater environments, a phenomenon called concretion occurs. "Concretion occurs when a mixture of iron corrosion product, sand, and sea life forms a hard shell around corroding iron artifacts and can encompass other non-iron artifacts that may be nearby". [3] Although they are often naturally preserved, they are also fragile and friable.
An enterolith is a mineral concretion or calculus formed anywhere in the gastrointestinal system. Enteroliths are uncommon and usually incidental findings but, once found, they require at a minimum watchful waiting. If there is evidence of complications, they must be removed.
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The fossiliferous concretions are found in the Mazon River area of Grundy, Will, Kankakee, and Livingston counties. Additional fossils are found in LaSalle County, Illinois; between the Vermilion River and Marseilles, Illinois. The ironstone concretions are recovered from exposures along streams, roadcuts and in active or abandoned coal mine areas.