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  2. XMM-Newton - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XMM-Newton

    Animation of XMM-Newton 's trajectory around Earth. XMM-Newton, also known as the High Throughput X-ray Spectroscopy Mission and the X-ray Multi-Mirror Mission, is an X-ray space observatory launched by the European Space Agency in December 1999 on an Ariane 5 rocket. It is the second cornerstone mission of ESA's Horizon 2000 programme.

  3. XMM Cluster Survey - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XMM_Cluster_Survey

    The XMM Cluster Survey (XCS) is a serendipitous X-ray galaxy cluster survey being conducted using archival data taken by ESA’s XMM-Newton satellite. Galaxy clusters trace the large scale structure of the universe, and their number density evolution with redshift provides a way to measure cosmological parameters, independent of cosmic microwave background experiments or supernovae cosmology ...

  4. Post-Newtonian expansion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Newtonian_expansion

    Higher-order terms can be added to increase accuracy, but for strong fields sometimes it is preferable to solve the complete equations numerically. This method is a common mark of effective field theories. In the limit, when the small parameters are equal to 0, the post-Newtonian expansion reduces to Newton's law of gravity.

  5. European Space Agency Science Programme - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Space_Agency...

    The Science Programme [1] [2] [a] of the European Space Agency is a long-term programme of space science and space exploration missions. Managed by the agency's Directorate of Science, The programme funds the development, launch, and operation of missions led by European space agencies and institutions through generational campaigns.

  6. Parameterized post-Newtonian formalism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parameterized_post...

    In the limit, when the fundamental speed of gravity becomes infinite, the post-Newtonian expansion reduces to Newton's law of gravity. The parameterized post-Newtonian formalism or PPN formalism , is a version of this formulation that explicitly details the parameters in which a general theory of gravity can differ from Newtonian gravity.

  7. De motu corporum in gyrum - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_motu_corporum_in_gyrum

    (The context indicates that Newton was dealing here with infinitesimals or their limiting ratios.) This reappears in Book 1, Lemma 10 in the Principia. Then follow two more preliminary points: 2 Lemmas: 1: Newton briefly sets out continued products of proportions involving differences: if A/(A–B) = B/(B–C) = C/(C–D) etc., then A/B = B/C ...

  8. Magnetar - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetar

    3XMM J185246.6+003317, discovered by international team of astronomers, looking at data from ESA's XMM-Newton X-ray telescope. [38] SGR 1935+2154, emitted a pair of luminous radio bursts on 28 April 2020. There was speculation that these may be galactic examples of fast radio bursts.

  9. Net force - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_force

    That force is the net force. [1] When forces act upon an object, they change its acceleration. The net force is the combined effect of all the forces on the object's acceleration, as described by Newton's second law of motion. When the net force is applied at a specific point on an object, the associated torque can be calculated.