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  2. Null coalescing operator - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null_coalescing_operator

    The null coalescing operator is a binary operator that is part of the syntax for a basic conditional expression in several programming languages, such as (in alphabetical order): C# [1] since version 2.0, [2] Dart [3] since version 1.12.0, [4] PHP since version 7.0.0, [5] Perl since version 5.10 as logical defined-or, [6] PowerShell since 7.0.0, [7] and Swift [8] as nil-coalescing operator.

  3. Null object pattern - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null_object_pattern

    In object-oriented computer programming, a null object is an object with no referenced value or with defined neutral (null) behavior.The null object design pattern, which describes the uses of such objects and their behavior (or lack thereof), was first published as "Void Value" [1] and later in the Pattern Languages of Program Design book series as "Null Object".

  4. Software design pattern - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_design_pattern

    A reactor object provides an asynchronous interface to resources that must be handled synchronously. Yes — Read-write lock: Allows concurrent read access to an object, but requires exclusive access for write operations. An underlying semaphore might be used for writing, and a Copy-on-write mechanism may or may not be used. No — Scheduler

  5. Method overriding - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method_overriding

    The version of a method that is executed will be determined by the object that is used to invoke it. If an object of a parent class is used to invoke the method, then the version in the parent class will be executed, but if an object of the subclass is used to invoke the method, then the version in the child class will be executed. [3]

  6. Adapter pattern - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adapter_pattern

    In software engineering, the adapter pattern is a software design pattern (also known as wrapper, an alternative naming shared with the decorator pattern) that allows the interface of an existing class to be used as another interface. [1]

  7. Fluent interface - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluent_interface

    In software engineering, a fluent interface is an object-oriented API whose design relies extensively on method chaining. Its goal is to increase code legibility by creating a domain-specific language (DSL). The term was coined in 2005 by Eric Evans and Martin Fowler. [1]

  8. Class (computer programming) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_(computer_programming)

    In object-oriented programming, a class defines the shared aspects of objects created from the class. The capabilities of a class differ between programming languages, but generally the shared aspects consist of state and behavior that are each either associated with a particular object or with all objects of that class.

  9. Method (computer programming) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method_(computer_programming)

    A method in object-oriented programming (OOP) is a procedure associated with an object, and generally also a message. An object consists of state data and behavior; these compose an interface, which specifies how the object may be used. A method is a behavior of an object parametrized by a user.