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The word cochineal is derived from the French cochenille, derived from Spanish cochinilla, in turn derived from Latin coccinus, from Greek κόκκινος kokkinos, "scarlet" from κόκκος kokkos (Latin equivalent coccum) referring in this case either to the oak berry (actually the insects of the genus Kermes) or to a red dye made from the crushed bodies thereof.
Kermes is a red dye derived from the dried bodies of the females of a scale insect in the genus Kermes, primarily Kermes vermilio. The Kermes insects are native in the Mediterranean region and are parasites living on the sap of the host plant, the Kermes oak ( Quercus coccifera ) and the Palestine oak ( Quercus calliprinos ).
American civilizations (from the American continent) crushed the bugs present on cacti to extract the carmine they contain. Carmine pigment was extensively used by the Aztec civilization to dye textiles. It was imported later to Europe during the 16th century. [9] Red is a color often associated with power and social status.
Carminic acid (C 22 H 20 O 13) is a red glucosidal hydroxyanthrapurin that occurs naturally in some scale insects, such as the cochineal, Armenian cochineal, and Polish cochineal. The insects produce the acid as a deterrent to predators. [3] An aluminum salt of carminic acid is the coloring agent in carmine, a pigment. [4]
This species is also one of several similar insects used to produce a strong red dye historically used to color wool and silk. [12] The dye originates in the hemolymph of the insect; the fluid analogous to blood. [4] While K. lacca is the most commonly cultivated species in many areas, the related K. yunnanensis is the most widely used species ...
In its place they use beet juice; carmine, a dye made from insects; and pigments from foods such as purple sweet potato, radish and red cabbage, according to Sensient Food Colors, a St. Louis ...
The safety of Red Dye No. 3 is not something that the average person needs to be concerned with, unless their diet is comprised mainly of maraschino cherries, red decorating icing, and Valentine ...
Unlike vermilion or red ochre, made from minerals, red lake pigments are made by mixing organic dyes, made from insects or plants, with white chalk or alum. Red lac was made from the gum lac, the dark red resinous substance secreted by various scale insects, particularly the Laccifer lacca from India. [7]