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In electronics and telecommunications, jitter is the deviation from true periodicity of a presumably periodic signal, often in relation to a reference clock signal. In clock recovery applications it is called timing jitter. [1] Jitter is a significant, and usually undesired, factor in the design of almost all communications links.
Snap, [6] or jounce, [2] is the fourth derivative of the position vector with respect to time, or the rate of change of the jerk with respect to time. [4] Equivalently, it is the second derivative of acceleration or the third derivative of velocity, and is defined by any of the following equivalent expressions: = ȷ = = =.
Jitter is often measured as a fraction of UI. For example, jitter of 0.01 UI is jitter that moves a signal edge by 1% of the UI duration. The widespread use of UI in jitter measurements comes from the need to apply the same requirements or results to cases of different symbol rates. This can be d
It is used to specify clock stability requirements in telecommunications standards. [1] MTIE measurements can be used to detect clock instability that can cause data loss on a communications channel. [ 2 ]
In optics, jitter is used to refer to motion that has high temporal frequency relative to the integration/exposure time. This may result from vibration in an assembly or the unstable hand of a photographer. Jitter is typically differentiated from smear, which has a lower frequency relative to the integration time. [1]
Position vectors r and r′ used in the calculation. Retarded time t r or t′ is calculated with a "speed-distance-time" calculation for EM fields.. If the EM field is radiated at position vector r′ (within the source charge distribution), and an observer at position r measures the EM field at time t, the time delay for the field to travel from the charge distribution to the observer is |r ...
The group delay and phase delay properties of a linear time-invariant (LTI) system are functions of frequency, giving the time from when a frequency component of a time varying physical quantity—for example a voltage signal—appears at the LTI system input, to the time when a copy of that same frequency component—perhaps of a different physical phenomenon—appears at the LTI system output.
Einstein synchronisation (or Poincaré–Einstein synchronisation) is a convention for synchronising clocks at different places by means of signal exchanges. This synchronisation method was used by telegraphers in the middle 19th century, [citation needed] but was popularized by Henri Poincaré and Albert Einstein, who applied it to light signals and recognized its fundamental role in ...