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Metanephric adenoma (MA) is a rare, benign tumour of the kidney, that can have a microscopic appearance similar to a nephroblastoma (Wilms tumours), [1] or a papillary renal cell carcinoma. It should not be confused with the pathologically unrelated, yet similar sounding, mesonephric adenoma .
The different colors indicate embryologic origin of structure: a) red = metanephric duct , b) yellow = urogenital sinus (bladder and urethra), c) blue = Wolffian duct (Gartner's ducts in female, seminal vesicles and vasa deferentia in male), pink = Müllerian ducts (vagina in female, prostatic utricle in male), green = hindgut . Specialty
This constellation of symptoms contrasts with the classical presentation of nephrotic syndrome (excessive proteinuria >3.5 g/day, low plasma albumin levels (hypoalbuminemia) <3 g/L, generalized edema, and hyperlipidemia). [8] [10] Signs and symptoms that are consistent with nephritic syndrome include: Hematuria (red blood cells in the urine) [11]
It is not certain what causes this pain, but researchers have proposed that the small numerous stones seen in MSK may cause obstruction of the small tubules and collecting ducts in the kidney. This pain can be constant, can often be debilitating and treatment is challenging. Narcotic medication, even in large quantities, is sometimes not adequate.
Treatment, depending on cause, may require prompt drainage of the bladder via catheterization, medical instrumentation, surgery (e.g., endoscopy, lithotripsy), hormonal therapy, or a combination of these modalities. [citation needed] Treatment of the obstruction at the level of the ureter: Open surgery. Less invasive treatment: laparoscopic ...
Symptoms may be vague or non-specific at the extremities of age (i.e. in patients who are very young or old). [1] [11] The most common cause of infection is Escherichia coli, though other bacteria or fungi may sometimes be the cause. [2] Risk factors include female anatomy, sexual intercourse, diabetes, obesity, catheterisation, and family ...
Kidney stones – deviant orientation of kidneys combined with slow urine flow and kidney obstruction may increase the risk of developing kidney stones. Treatment is further complicated if patient possesses aberrant skeletal anatomy. [5] It is estimated 36% of patients with horseshoe kidneys will develop kidney stones. [6]
Treatment is typically with a catheter either through the urethra or lower abdomen. [1] [3] Other treatments may include medication to decrease the size of the prostate, urethral dilation, a urethral stent, or surgery. [1] Males are more often affected than females. [1] In males over the age of 40 about 6 per 1,000 are affected a year. [1]