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2. Reverse osmosis - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_osmosis

   Household RO units use a lot of water because they have low back pressure. Household RO water purifiers typically produce one liter of usable water and 3-25 liters of wastewater. [34] The remainder is discharged, usually into the drain. Because wastewater carries the rejected contaminants, recovering this water is not practical for household ...

3. Portable water purification - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_water_purification

   Instead of using the static pressure of a water supply line to force the water through the filter, pressure is provided by a hand-operated pump. These devices can generate drinkable water from seawater. The Portable Aqua Unit for Lifesaving (short PAUL) is a portable ultrafiltration-based membrane water filter for humanitarian aid. It allows ...

4. Backflow prevention device - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backflow_prevention_device

   Backflow prevention device. The simplest, most reliable way to provide backflow prevention is to provide an air gap.An air gap is simply an open vertical space between any device that connects to a plumbing system (like a valve or faucet) and any place where contaminated water can collect or pool.

5. Water purification - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_purification

   Permanent water chlorination began in 1905, when a faulty slow sand filter and a contaminated water supply led to a serious typhoid fever epidemic in Lincoln, England. [44] Alexander Cruickshank Houston used chlorination of the water to stem the epidemic. His installation fed a concentrated solution of chloride of lime to the water being treated.

6. Backwashing (water treatment) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backwashing_(water_treatment)

   The backwash cycle is triggered after a set time interval, when the filter effluent turbidity is greater than a treatment guideline or when the differential pressure across the filter exceeds a set value. Water treatment filters that can be backwashed include rapid sand filters, water softening systems, pressure filters and granular activated ...

7. Reverse osmosis plant - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_osmosis_plant

   Reverse osmosis is a common process to purify or desalinate contaminated water by forcing water through a membrane. Water produced by reverse osmosis may be used for a variety of purposes, including desalination , wastewater treatment , concentration of contaminants, and the reclamation of dissolved minerals. [ 1 ]