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St Athanasius was excommunicated by Pope Liberius allegedly for refusing to attend a synod. Athanasius believed the Pope was acting under duress (the Pope had been exiled from Rome) and refused to accept the validity of the excommunication [14] [15] some Egyptian monks by Theophilus I of Alexandria.
Athanasius I of Alexandria [note 1] (c. 296–298 – 2 May 373), also called Athanasius the Great, Athanasius the Confessor, or, among Coptic Christians, Athanasius the Apostolic, was a Christian theologian and the 20th pope of Alexandria (as Athanasius I).
After the death of George of Cappadocia, Athanasius returned to the see of Alexandria, and shortly thereafter called the council of 362. [1] This council was a major turning point in the conflict with the Arian movement over issues regarding the Trinity, the Holy Spirit, the human soul of Christ, and God's divinity. [4]
Excommunication is an ecclesiastical penalty placed on a person to encourage the person to return to the communion of the church. An excommunicated person cannot receive any sacraments or exercise an office within the church until the excommunication is lifted by a valid authority in the church (usually a bishop). Previously, other penalties ...
Thus, said Arius, only the Son was directly created and begotten of God; furthermore, there was a time that He had no existence. He was capable of His own free will, said Arius, and thus "were He in the truest sense a son, He must have come after the Father, therefore the time obviously was when He was not, and hence He was a finite being." [14]
Noetus was excommunicated from the Church after being examined by council, [2] and Praxeas is said to have recanted his modalistic views in writing, teaching again his former faith. [3] Sabellius likewise was excommunicated by council in Alexandria, and after complaint of this was made to Rome, a second council then assembled in Rome and also ...
Contemporary reports of attendance range from 250 to 300, with the figure of 318 given by Athanasius of Antioch becoming traditionally accepted. [31] 318 is also the number of members of Abraham's household given in the Book of Genesis. [32] Lists of signatories to the final decisions of the council contain 200–220 names. [33]
In this letter, Athanasius lists the books of the Old Testament as 22 in accordance with Jewish tradition. To the books in the Tanakh he includes both the Book of Baruch and the Letter of Jeremiah in the Book of Jeremiah, and omits the Book of Esther. Instead distinguishing the Book of Ruth as separate from the Book of Judges.