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Chinese jade refers to the jade mined or carved in China from the Neolithic onward. It is the primary hardstone of Chinese sculpture . Although deep and bright green jadeite is better known in Europe, for most of China's history, jade has come in a variety of colors and white "mutton-fat" nephrite was the most highly praised and prized.
A bi is a flat jade disc with a circular hole in the centre. Neolithic bi are undecorated, while those of later periods of China, like the Zhou dynasty, bear increasingly ornate surface carving (particularly in a hexagonal pattern) whose motifs represented deities associated with the sky (four directions) as well as standing for qualities and powers the wearer wanted to invoke or embody.
Yupei (Chinese: 玉佩; pinyin: Yùpèi) is a generic term for jade pendants. [1] Yupei were popular even before Confucius was born. [2]: 18 Jade culture is an important component of Chinese culture, [1] reflecting both the material and spiritual culture.
The earliest cong were produced by the Xuejiagang culture and the Liangzhu culture (3400–2250 BC); later examples date mainly from the Shang and Zhou dynasties. [2]Interest in the jade shape developed during the 12th–13th century Song dynasty.
The Liangzhu (/ ˈ l j ɑː ŋ ˈ dʒ uː /) culture or civilization (3300–2300 BC) was the last Chinese Neolithic jade culture in the Yangtze River Delta.The culture was highly stratified, as jade, silk, ivory and lacquer artifacts were found exclusively in elite burials, while pottery was more commonly found in the burial plots of poorer individuals.
Jade culture is an important aspect of Chinese culture, [3] reflecting both the material and spiritual culture of the Chinese people. [4]: 18 Jade is deeply ingrained in Chinese culture and played a role in every aspect of social life; [4]: 18 it is also associated with positive qualities and aspects such as purity, excellence, and harmony.
Qing dynasty wood and jade three-inlay ruyi. Chinese classic texts from the Former Han dynasty (206 BC – 24 AD) contain the earliest usages of the word ruyi.For example, the Shiji history uses it both literally for "as desired" and for the given name of Liu Ruyi (Chinese: 劉如意; pinyin: Liú rúyì) (d. 195 BC), who was the son of Emperor Gaozu of Han and Concubine Qi.
Jadeite is the principal mineral making up the most valuable form of jade, a precious stone particularly prized in China. Most gem-quality jadeite jade comes from northern Myanmar. Jade tools and implements have been found at Stone Age sites, showing that the mineral has been prized by humans since before the beginning of written history.