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For example, in collectivist societies, leaders who promote team unity and collective effort are likely to see better performance. In contrast, management that values and encourages individual initiative and responsibility aligns well with individualistic cultures, leading to greater effectiveness in those settings. [24]
The term individualistic culture was first used in the 1980s by Dutch social psychologist Geert Hofstede to describe countries and cultures that are not collectivist; Hofstede created the term individualistic culture when he created a measurement for the five dimensions of cultural values. [2] People in individualistic cultures see each other ...
Societies that embrace these values have high levels of national pride and a nationalistic outlook. [2] Secular-rational values have the opposite preferences to the traditional values. Societies that embrace these values place less emphasis on religion, traditional family values and authority. Divorce, abortion, euthanasia and suicide are seen ...
The concepts of collectivism and individualism have been applied to high- and low-context cultures by Dutch psychologist Geert Hofstede in his Cultural Dimensions Theory. [3] Collectivist societies prioritize the group over the individual, and vice versa for individualist ones.
This is explained as individualistic countries being typically focused on an individual and their desires, where power status has a less significant role, and collectivist countries focusing on the collective good. [58] Hofstede found that individualism, collectivism, and power distance are greatly correlated to a nation's wealth. [59]
This contrasts with Hofstede's earlier research, which found these countries to be collectivist, and shows the dynamic and complex nature of culture. Countries with high communitarianism include Germany, China, France, Japan, and Singapore. [5]
The Individualism Index (IDV) ... Geert Hofstede; Hofstede's cultural dimensions theory; Social organization#Collectivism and individualism; References. Notes
Survival values are characteristic for eastern-world countries and self-expression values for western-world countries. In a liberal post-industrial economy , an increasing share of the population has grown up taking survival and freedom of thought for granted, resulting in that self-expression is highly valued.