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A stack or sea stack is a geological landform consisting of a steep and often vertical column or columns of rock in the sea near a coast, formed by wave erosion. [1] Stacks are formed over time by wind and water, processes of coastal geomorphology. [2] They are formed when part of a headland is eroded by hydraulic action, which is the force of ...
Ria – Coastal inlet formed by the partial submergence of an unglaciated river valley; River delta – Silt deposition landform at the mouth of a river; Salt marsh – Coastal ecosystem between land and open saltwater that is regularly flooded; Sea cave – Cave formed by the wave action of the sea and located along present or former coastlines
They are created by the wave driven erosion of cliffs along faults and bedding planes in the rock. Geos may have sea caves at their heads. Such sea caves may collapse, extending the geo, or leaving depressions inland from the geo. Geos can also be created from this process. [2]
Barrier island contrasted with other coastal landforms. Barrier islands are a coastal landform, a type of dune system and sand island, where an area of sand has been formed by wave and tidal action parallel to the mainland coast. [1] They usually occur in chains, consisting of anything from a few islands to more than a dozen.
Waves that arrive in a direction other than obliquely along the spit will halt the growth of the spit, shorten it, or eventually destroy it entirely. [4] The sediments that make up spits come from a variety of sources including rivers and eroding bluffs, and changes there can have a major effect on spits and other coastal landforms.
Headlands are characterised by high, breaking waves, rocky shores, intense erosion, and steep sea cliff. Headlands and bays are often found on the same coastline. A bay is flanked by land on three sides, whereas a headland is flanked by water on three sides.
As well as dominant drift direction, spits are affected by the strength of wave-driven current, wave angle and the height of incoming waves. [7] Spits are landforms that have two important features, with the first feature being the region at the up-drift end or proximal end (Hart et al., 2008).
If waves carve notches at a narrow point on both sides of a promontory on the rocky cliffed coast, a natural arch may be formed. [4] When the arch collapses as the coastline recedes further a stack is left behind on the wave-cut platform. The best-known example in Germany is the Lange Anna on Heligoland, while, in England, a prominent example ...