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His professional knowledge of Beowulf, telling of a pagan world but with a Christian narrator, [2] helped to shape his fictional world of Middle-earth. His intention to create what has been called "a mythology for England" [T 2] led him to construct not only stories but a fully-formed world, Middle-earth, with languages, peoples, cultures, and ...
Tolkien meant Arda to be "our own green and solid Earth", seen here in the Baltistan mountains, "at some quite remote epoch in the past". [1]In J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium, the history of Arda, also called the history of Middle-earth, [a] began when the Ainur entered Arda, following the creation events in the Ainulindalë and long ages of labour throughout Eä, the fictional universe.
[T 2] After Tolkien's death in 1973, many artists have created illustrations of Middle-earth characters and landscapes, in media ranging from Alexander Korotich's scraperboard depictions, [25] to Margrethe II of Denmark's woodcut-style drawings, [23] Sergey Yuhimov's Russian Orthodox icon-style representations, [26] and Donato Giancola's ...
J. R. R. Tolkien built a process of decline and fall in Middle-earth into both The Silmarillion and The Lord of the Rings.. The pattern is expressed in several ways, including the splintering of the light provided by the Creator, Eru Iluvatar, into progressively smaller parts; the fragmentation of languages and peoples, especially the Elves, who are split into many groups; the successive falls ...
The Devil is paralleled by both of Middle-earth's dark lords, Morgoth and Sauron; Sauron is in turn supported by a range of demonic figures, including the Nazgûl who appear like the Devil as black riders on black horses, the fiery-eyed Balrogs, and the Orcs with their devilish habits and appearance.
Tolkien continued incorporating the Round World Versions into his later Middle-earth writings. In 1960–61, Tolkien invented heraldic devices for his characters, including a "Winged Sun" for Finwë. This presupposes the Round World version, as in the Flat World version the Sun does not exist until after Finwë's death. [9]
The History of Middle-earth is a 12-volume series of books published between 1983 and 1996 by George Allen & Unwin in the UK and by Houghton Mifflin in the US. They collect and analyse much of J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium, compiled and edited by his son Christopher Tolkien.
Tolkien uses the Men of Middle-earth, interacting with immortal Elves, to explore a variety of themes in The Lord of the Rings, especially death and immortality. This appears throughout, but is the central theme of an appendix, " The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen ".