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A hyperintensity or T2 hyperintensity is an area of high intensity on types of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of the brain of a human or of another mammal that reflect lesions produced largely by demyelination and axonal loss.
Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) [2] is an inversion-recovery pulse sequence used to nullify the signal from fluids. For example, it can be used in brain imaging to suppress cerebrospinal fluid so as to bring out periventricular hyperintense lesions, such as multiple sclerosis plaques.
Myelomalacia is a pathological term referring to the softening of the spinal cord. [1] Possible causes of myelomalacia include cervical myelopathy, hemorrhagic infarction, or acute injury, such as that caused by intervertebral disc extrusion.
By carefully choosing the inversion time (TI), the signal from any particular tissue can be nulled. The appropriate TI depends on the tissue via the formula:
SWI Image acquired at 4 Tesla showing the veins in the brain. Susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI), originally called BOLD venographic imaging, is an MRI sequence that is exquisitely sensitive to venous blood, hemorrhage and iron storage.
The presence of high or moderate signal intensity on both T1 and T2 images is related to the ratio of fat to vessels and edema. For example, a VH with a high concentration of fat and a relatively low make-up of vessels and edema would show a high signal intensity on T1-weighted spin-echo images and intermediate signal intensity on T2-weighted ...
The specific cell-surface markers for Tr1 cells in humans and mice are CD4 + CD49b + LAG-3 + CD226 + from which LAG-3 + and CD49b + are indispensable. [3] LAG-3 is a membrane protein on Tr1 cells that negatively regulates TCR-mediated signal transduction in cells.
White matter hyperintensities can be caused by a variety of factors, including ischemia, micro-hemorrhages, gliosis, damage to small blood vessel walls, breaches of the barrier between the cerebrospinal fluid and the brain, or loss and deformation of the myelin sheath.