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Canine cognitive dysfunction (CCD) is a disease prevalent in dogs that exhibit symptoms of dementia or Alzheimer's disease shown in humans. [1] CCD creates pathological changes in the brain that slow the mental functioning of dogs resulting in loss of memory, motor function, and learned behaviors from training early in life.
Selegiline is used in dogs to treat canine cognitive dysfunction (CCD) and, at higher doses, to treat pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH). [300] [301] CCD is a form of dementia that mimics Alzheimer's disease in humans. [302]
Selegiline is thought to exert its therapeutic effects in the treatment of the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease by increasing dopamine levels in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) of the basal ganglia, which projects to the caudate nucleus and putamen of the striatum, thereby enhancing the signaling of the nigrostriatal pathway.
The AKC reports that one study found that 28% of dogs between 11 and 12 years of age have at least one sign of dog dementia, and that increased to 68% in dogs over 15 years of age.
Dogs and people can reduce their risk of dementia by walking and other exercise. Symptoms of dog dementia include pacing, failing to recognize familiar people.
Dopamine receptors are a class of G protein-coupled receptors that are prominent in the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS) and are implicated in many neurological processes, including motivational and incentive salience, cognition, memory, learning, and fine motor control, as well as modulation of neuroendocrine signaling.
The hallmark symptom of LATE is a progressive memory loss that predominantly affects short-term and episodic memory. [1] This impairment is often severe enough to interfere with daily functioning and usually remains the chief neurologic deficit, unlike other types of dementia in which non-memory cognitive domains and behavioral changes might be noted earlier or more prominently. [1]
Symptoms include liver and kidney failure and vasculitis. [10] Lyme disease* is a disease caused by Borrelia burgdorferi, a spirochaete, and spread by ticks of the genus Ixodes. Symptoms in dogs include acute arthritis, anorexia and lethargy. There is no rash as is typically seen in humans. [11]