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In the fields of medicine, biotechnology, and pharmacology, drug discovery is the process by which new candidate medications are discovered. [ 1 ] Historically, drugs were discovered by identifying the active ingredient from traditional remedies or by serendipitous discovery, as with penicillin .
Lipinski's rule of five, also known as Pfizer's rule of five or simply the rule of five (RO5), is a rule of thumb to evaluate druglikeness or determine if a chemical compound with a certain pharmacological or biological activity has chemical properties and physical properties that would likely make it an orally active drug in humans.
The number of people who benefit from a drug determines if drug trials are worth carrying out, given that phase III trials may cost between $100 million and $700 million per drug. This is the motivation behind personalized medicine, that is, to develop drugs that are adapted to individual patients. [19]
A medication (also called medicament, medicine, pharmaceutical drug, medicinal product, medicinal drug or simply drug) is a drug used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Drug therapy ( pharmacotherapy ) is an important part of the medical field and relies on the science of pharmacology for continual advancement and on ...
Drug design, often referred to as rational drug design or simply rational design, is the inventive process of finding new medications based on the knowledge of a biological target. [1] The drug is most commonly an organic small molecule that activates or inhibits the function of a biomolecule such as a protein , which in turn results in a ...
It also includes the study of existing drugs, their biological properties, and their quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR). [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Medicinal chemistry is a highly interdisciplinary science combining organic chemistry with biochemistry , computational chemistry , pharmacology , molecular biology , statistics , and physical ...
The term "me-too drug" or "follow-on drug" refers to a medication that is similar to a pre-existing drug, usually by making minor modifications to the prototype, reflected in slight changes in the profiles of side effects or activity, and used to treat conditions for which drugs already exist.
A drug class is a group of medications and other compounds that share similar chemical structures, act through the same mechanism of action (i.e., binding to the same biological target), have similar modes of action, and/or are used to treat similar diseases.