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Cardiac markers are used for the diagnosis and risk stratification of patients with chest pain and suspected acute coronary syndrome and for management and prognosis in patients with diseases like acute heart failure. Most of the early markers identified were enzymes, and as a result, the term "cardiac enzymes" is sometimes used. However, not ...
People who have a normal ECG and who are able to exercise, for example, do not merit routine imaging. [13] Imaging tests such as stress radionuclide myocardial perfusion imaging or stress echocardiography can confirm a diagnosis when a person's history, physical exam, ECG and cardiac biomarkers suggest the likelihood of a problem. [13]
Treatment aims to preserve as much heart muscle as possible, and to prevent further complications. [28] Treatment depends on whether the myocardial infarction is a STEMI or NSTEMI. [72] Treatment in general aims to unblock blood vessels, reduce blood clot enlargement, reduce ischemia, and modify risk factors with the aim of preventing future ...
Antihypertensive agents comprise multiple classes of compounds that are intended to manage hypertension (high blood pressure). Antihypertensive therapy aims to maintain a blood pressure goal of <140/90 mmHg in all patients, as well as to prevent the progression or recurrence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in hypertensive patients with established CVD. [2]
An anginal equivalent is a symptom such as shortness of breath , diaphoresis (sweating), extreme fatigue, or pain at a site other than the chest, occurring in a patient at high cardiac risk. Anginal equivalents are considered to be symptoms of myocardial ischemia .
Often, however, the problem is detected during screening blood tests for a medical disorder, or after hospitalization for complications such as cardiac arrhythmia or sudden cardiac death. High levels of potassium (> 5.5 mmol/L) have been associated with cardiovascular events.
Chest pain with features characteristic of cardiac origin (angina) can also be precipitated by profound anemia, brady-or tachycardia (excessively slow or rapid heart rate), low or high blood pressure, severe aortic valve stenosis (narrowing of the valve at the beginning of the aorta), pulmonary artery hypertension and a number of other conditions.
Feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common heart disease in domestic cats; [69] [70] [71] the disease process and genetics are believed to be similar to the disease in humans. [72] In Maine Coon cats, HCM has been confirmed as an autosomal dominant inherited trait. [73] Numerous cat breeds have HCM as a problem in the breed. [74]