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Hence, in and , the expressions for r s and r p in terms of refractive indices will be interchanged, so that Brewster's angle will give r s = 0 instead of r p = 0, and any beam reflected at that angle will be p-polarized instead of s-polarized. [36] Similarly, Fresnel's sine law will apply to the p polarization instead of the s polarization ...
Fresnel's grave at Père Lachaise Cemetery, Paris, photographed in 2018. Fresnel's health, which had always been poor, deteriorated in the winter of 1822–1823, increasing the urgency of his original research, and (in part) preventing him from contributing an article on polarization and double refraction for the Encyclopædia Britannica. [312]
Fresnel's "plane of polarization", traditionally used in optics, is the plane containing the magnetic vectors (B & H) and the wave-normal. Malus's original "plane of polarization" was the plane containing the magnetic vectors and the ray. (In an isotropic medium, θ = 0 and Malus's plane merges with Fresnel's.)
By Fresnel's sine law, r s is positive for all angles of incidence with a transmitted ray (since θ t > θ i for dense-to-rare incidence), giving a phase shift δ s of zero. But, by his tangent law, r p is negative for small angles (that is, near normal incidence), and changes sign at Brewster's angle , where θ i and θ t are complementary.
Circular polarization is a limiting case of elliptical polarization. The other special case is the easier-to-understand linear polarization. All three terms were coined by Augustin-Jean Fresnel, in a memoir read to the French Academy of Sciences on 9 December 1822.
The fraction that is reflected is described by the Fresnel equations, and depends on the incoming light's polarization and angle of incidence. The Fresnel equations predict that light with the p polarization ( electric field polarized in the same plane as the incident ray and the surface normal at the point of incidence) will not be reflected ...
The Fresnel–Arago laws are three laws which summarise some of the more important properties of interference between light of different states of polarization. Augustin-Jean Fresnel and François Arago , both discovered the laws, which bear their name.
Linear polarized light reflected from a metal at non-normal incidence will generally become elliptically polarized. These cases are handled using Jones vectors acted upon by the different Fresnel coefficients for the s- and p-polarization components.