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The aim of an accurate intraocular lens power calculation is to provide an intraocular lens (IOL) that fits the specific needs and desires of the individual patient. The development of better instrumentation for measuring the eye's axial length (AL) and the use of more precise mathematical formulas to perform the appropriate calculations have significantly improved the accuracy with which the ...
Toric lens surface as "cap" (top-right) from a torus (here with R = 1.2 r). A toric lens is a lens with different optical power and focal length in two orientations perpendicular to each other. One of the lens surfaces is shaped like a "cap" from a torus (see figure at right), and the other one is usually spherical .
Moreover, it can be used to derive Kane's equations, which are particularly suited for describing the motion of complex spacecraft. [4] Appell's formulation is an application of Gauss' principle of least constraint .
MHV amplitudes may be calculated very efficiently by means of the Parke–Taylor formula. Although developed for pure gluon scattering, extensions exist for massive particles, scalars (the Higgs ) and for fermions ( quarks and their interactions in QCD ).
In solid-state physics, the k·p perturbation theory is an approximated semi-empirical approach for calculating the band structure (particularly effective mass) and optical properties of crystalline solids.
[3] [4] The toric code can also be considered to be a Z 2 lattice gauge theory in a particular limit. [5] It was introduced by Alexei Kitaev. The toric code gets its name from its periodic boundary conditions, giving it the shape of a torus. These conditions give the model translational invariance, which is useful for analytic study.
Classical mechanics is the branch of physics used to describe the motion of macroscopic objects. [1] It is the most familiar of the theories of physics. The concepts it covers, such as mass, acceleration, and force, are commonly used and known. [2]
The term torque (from Latin torquēre, 'to twist') is said to have been suggested by James Thomson and appeared in print in April, 1884. [2] [3] [4] Usage is attested the same year by Silvanus P. Thompson in the first edition of Dynamo-Electric Machinery. [4]