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The cumulative effects of pollution associated with the urban environment have been suggested as the link between urbanicity and the higher risk of developing schizophrenia. [ 169 ] Various possible explanations for the effect have been judged unlikely based on the nature of the findings, including infectious causes or a general stress effect.
Schizophrenia is a mental disorder [17] [7] ... Many genes are known to be involved in schizophrenia, each with small effects and unknown transmission and expression.
Schizophrenia is diagnosed 1.4 times more frequently in males than females, and typically appears earlier in men [7] —the peak ages of onset schizophrenia are 20–28 years for males and 26–32 years for females. [10] Early Onset schizophrenia in childhood, before the age of 13 can sometimes occur.
These antipsychotic medications have adverse effects such as weight gain and induce feelings of fatigue that inhibit physical activity. The request for the people with schizophrenia to exercise for cardiovascular health then take medications (originally named "major tranquilizers") that inhibit activity is a double bind. [20] [21]
Many people with schizophrenia use caffeine to combat boredom or to fight the sedating effects of antipsychotic medications. Additionally people with schizophrenia may have polydipsia (causes someone to feel an immense amount of thirst, despite already drinking plenty of hydrating fluids), [ 6 ] so people with this disorder may try to consume ...
However, both people with schizophrenia and the general population experience this effect, so it cannot fully explain increased smoking in people with schizophrenia. [ 2 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] A 2003 study of over 50,000 Swedish conscripts found that there was a small but significant protective effect of smoking cigarettes on the risk of developing ...
The mainstay of treatment for schizophrenia is an antipsychotic medication. [5] Most antipsychotics can take around 7 to 14 days to have their full effect. Medication may improve the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, and social and vocational functioning. [6]
Older adults with schizophrenia are prone to extrapyramidal side effects, anticholinergic toxicity, and sedation due to increased body fat, decreased total body water, and decreased muscle mass. [24] [25] Older adults with late-onset schizophrenia usually take half of the typical dose for older adults with early-onset schizophrenia. Continual ...
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