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Typographical symbols and punctuation marks are marks and symbols used in typography with a variety of purposes such as to help with legibility and accessibility, or to identify special cases. This list gives those most commonly encountered with Latin script. For a far more comprehensive list of symbols and signs, see List of Unicode characters.
The symbols u, d, s, c, b, and t stand for the up, down, strange, charm, bottom, and top quarks respectively, with the symbols of u, d, s, c, b, t corresponding to the respective antiquarks. For instance a pentaquark made of two up quarks, one down quark, one charm quark, and one charm antiquark would be denoted uudc c.
Antiparticles of quarks are called antiquarks, and are denoted by a bar over the symbol for the corresponding quark, such as u for an up antiquark. As with antimatter in general, antiquarks have the same mass, mean lifetime, and spin as their respective quarks, but the electric charge and other charges have the opposite sign. [8]
Mineral symbols (text abbreviations) are used to abbreviate mineral groups, subgroups, and species, just as lettered symbols are used for the chemical elements. The first set of commonly used mineral symbols was published in 1983 and covered the common rock-forming minerals using 192 two- or three-lettered symbols. [ 1 ]
These lists detail all known and predicted baryons in total angular momentum J = 1 / 2 and J = 3 / 2 configurations with positive parity. [5]Baryons composed of one type of quark (uuu, ddd, ...) can exist in J = 3 / 2 configuration, but J = 1 / 2 is forbidden by the Pauli exclusion principle.
According to the IUPAP, the symbol s is the official name, while "strange" is to be considered only as a mnemonic. [2] The name sideways has also been used because the s quark (but also the other three remaining quarks) has an I 3 value of 0 while the u ("up") and d ("down") quarks have values of + 1 / 2 and − 1 / 2 ...
A quark may pair up with an antiquark: the quark has a color and the antiquark has the corresponding anticolor. The color and anticolor cancel out, forming a color neutral meson . Alternatively, three quarks can exist together, one quark being "red", another "blue", another "green".
The following table lists many common symbols, together with their name, how they should be read out loud, and the related field of mathematics. Additionally, the subsequent columns contains an informal explanation, a short example, the Unicode location, the name for use in HTML documents, [1] and the LaTeX symbol.