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Outline drawings of two young women's faces, and an averaged image of the two A University of Toronto study found that the facial proportions of celebrities including Jessica Alba were close to the average of all female profiles. [citation needed] In 1990, one of the first computer-based photographic attractiveness rating studies was conducted.
the ratio of hip circumference to shoulder circumference varies by biological sex: the average ratio for women is 1:1.03, for men it is 1:1.18. [9] legs (floor to crotch, which are typically three-and-a-half to four heads long; arms about three heads long; hands are as long as the face. [10]
The ideal or preferred female body size and shape has varied over time and continues to vary among cultures; [46] [47] but a preference for a small waist has remained fairly constant throughout history. [48] A low waist–hip ratio has often been seen as a sign of good health and reproductive potential. [49]
Skin color contrast has been identified as a feminine beauty standard observed across multiple cultures. [7] Women tend to have darker eyes and lips than men, especially relative to the rest of their facial features, and this attribute has been associated with female attractiveness and femininity, [7] yet it also decreases male attractiveness according to one study. [8]
"Oval faces tend to have more contrast [and] delineation between the mid-face portion of the upper face but less at the lower," says Dr. Tripathi. "So there's a contrast between the cheekbone and ...
A 2008 American study on female facial attractiveness with majority White participants (with a significant proportion of Asian, and few Black, Hispanic, or Middle-Eastern participants) found that White women's faces were rated most attractive.
Mammary glands do not contain muscle tissue. The shape of female breasts is affected by age, genetic factors, and body weight. Women's breasts tend to grow larger after menopause, due to increase in fatty deposits caused by decreasing levels of estrogen. The loss of elasticity from connective tissue associated with menopause also causes sagging.
Illustration of calculation of face-ism index on two crops of the Mona Lisa. The term "face-ism" or "facial prominence" was initially defined in a 1983 study in which facial prominence was measured by a "Face-ism index", which is the ratio of two linear measurements, with the distance (in millimeters or any other unit) from the top of the head to the lowest visible point of the chin being the ...