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  2. Zener diode - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zener_diode

    A subsurface Zener diode, also called a buried Zener, is a device similar to the surface Zener, but the doping and design is such that the avalanche region is located deeper in the structure, typically several micrometers below the oxide. Hot carriers then lose energy by collisions with the semiconductor lattice before reaching the oxide layer ...

  3. Voltage regulator - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_regulator

    When precise voltage control and efficiency are not important, this design may be fine. Since the forward voltage of a diode is small, this kind of voltage regulator is only suitable for low voltage regulated output. When higher voltage output is needed, a zener diode or series of zener diodes may be employed. Zener diode regulators make use of ...

  4. Zener effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zener_effect

    In electronics, the Zener effect (employed most notably in the appropriately named Zener diode) is a type of electrical breakdown, discovered by Clarence Melvin Zener. It occurs in a reverse biased p-n diode when the electric field enables tunneling of electrons from the valence to the conduction band of a semiconductor , leading to numerous ...

  5. Cut-off (electronics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cut-off_(electronics)

    Copper oxide diode: Usually between germanium and silicon diodes (0.2-0.5V) Diac: Depends on configuration. Germanium diode:apx 0.3 V; varying with temperature. Schottky diode:0.10–0.45, varying with temperature. Selenium diode:Depends on age and current. Usually higher than silicon diodes. Silicon diode: cutoff occurs when Vf falls below apx ...

  6. Voltage reference - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_reference

    Zener diodes are also frequently used to provide a reference voltage of moderate stability and accuracy, useful for many electronic devices. An avalanche diode displays a similar stable voltage over a range of current. The most stable diodes of this type are made by temperature-compensating a Zener diode by placing it in series with a forward ...

  7. TL431 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TL431

    Reference voltage vs free-air temperature at test conditions. Design-center (middle plot) and worst-case deviation of ±2% (upper and lower plots) [12] The nominal reference voltage, V REF =2.495 V, stated in a datasheet, is tested in zener mode at an ambient temperature of +25 °C (77 °F), and I CA =10 mA. [13]