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A material property is an intensive property of a material, i.e., a physical property or chemical property that does not depend on the amount of the material. These quantitative properties may be used as a metric by which the benefits of one material versus another can be compared, thereby aiding in materials selection.
For example, isopropanol and water can be distinguished by the characteristic property of odor. [2] Characteristic properties are used because the sample size and the shape of the substance does not matter. [3] For example, 1 gram of lead is the same color as 100 tons of lead.
A science project is an educational activity for students involving experiments or construction of models in one of the science disciplines. Students may present their science project at a science fair, so they may also call it a science fair project. Science projects may be classified into four main types.
Malleability, a similar mechanical property, is characterized by a material's ability to deform plastically without failure under compressive stress. [8] [9] Historically, materials were considered malleable if they were amenable to forming by hammering or rolling. [10] Lead is an example of a material which is relatively malleable but not ductile.
Properties may also be classified with respect to the directionality of their nature. For example, isotropic properties do not change with the direction of observation, and anisotropic properties do have spatial variance. It may be difficult to determine whether a given property is a material property or not.
However, for many properties within the scope of physical chemistry, and other disciplines at the boundary between chemistry and physics, the distinction may be a matter of researcher's perspective. Material properties, both physical and chemical, can be viewed as supervenient; i.e., secondary to the underlying reality.
Examples of intensive properties include temperature, T; refractive index, n; density, ρ; and hardness, η. By contrast, an extensive property or extensive quantity is one whose magnitude is additive for subsystems. [4] Examples include mass, volume and entropy. [5] Not all properties of matter fall into these two categories.