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A citrate is a derivative of citric acid; that is, the salts, esters, and the polyatomic anion found in solutions and salts of citric acid. An example of the former, a salt is trisodium citrate; an ester is triethyl citrate. When citrate trianion is part of a salt, the formula of the citrate trianion is written as C 6 H 5 O 3− 7 or C 3 H 5 O ...
At high glucose levels, glycolysis takes place rapidly, thus increasing the amount of citrate produced from the citric acid cycle. This citrate is then exported to other organelles outside the mitochondria to be broken into acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate by the enzyme ATP citrate lyase (ACL). This principal reaction is coupled with the hydrolysis ...
Use of citrate involves the enzyme citrate lyase, which breaks down citrate to oxaloacetate and acetate. Oxaloacetate is further broken down to pyruvate and carbon dioxide (CO 2). Production of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO 3) as well as ammonia (NH 3) from the use of sodium citrate and ammonium salts results in alkaline pH. This results in a ...
Citrate is used for feedback inhibition, as it inhibits phosphofructokinase, an enzyme involved in glycolysis that catalyses formation of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, a precursor of pyruvate. This prevents a constant high rate of flux when there is an accumulation of citrate and a decrease in substrate for the enzyme.
This glossary of biology terms is a list of definitions of fundamental terms and concepts used in biology, the study of life and of living organisms.It is intended as introductory material for novices; for more specific and technical definitions from sub-disciplines and related fields, see Glossary of cell biology, Glossary of genetics, Glossary of evolutionary biology, Glossary of ecology ...
It is a defined, selective and differential medium that tests for an organism's ability to use citrate as a sole carbon source and ammonium ions as the sole nitrogen source. After citrate enters a cell through citrate permeases, citrate lyase cleaves it into acetate and oxaloacetate, which is further broken down into carbon dioxide and pyruvate ...
Examples of such are found in the citric acid cycle (TCA cycle). In normal function of this cycle for respiration, concentrations of TCA intermediates remain constant; however, many biosynthetic reactions also use these molecules as a substrate.
Sodium citrate is used to prevent donated blood from clotting in storage, and can also be used as an additive for apheresis to prevent clots forming in the tubes of the machine. By binding with calcium ions in the blood it prevents the process of coagulation. It is also used as an anticoagulant for laboratory testing, in that blood samples are ...