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In his theory, the longitudinal mass = and the transverse mass =, where is the Lorentz factor and is the rest mass of the electron. [5] The concept of (transverse) electromagnetic mass m T {\displaystyle m_{T}} , which was based on specific models of the electron, was later transmuted into the purely kinematical concept of relativistic mass ...
where is the electron charge, is the linearly polarised electric field amplitude, is the laser carrier frequency and is the electron mass. In terms of the laser intensity I {\displaystyle I} , using I = c ϵ 0 E 2 / 2 {\displaystyle I=c\epsilon _{0}E^{2}/2} , it reads less simply:
In physics, a ponderomotive force is a nonlinear force that a charged particle experiences in an inhomogeneous oscillating electromagnetic field. It causes the particle to move towards the area of the weaker field strength, rather than oscillating around an initial point as happens in a homogeneous field.
In particle physics, the electron mass (symbol: m e) is the mass of a stationary electron, also known as the invariant mass of the electron. It is one of the fundamental constants of physics . It has a value of about 9.109 × 10 −31 kilograms or about 5.486 × 10 −4 daltons , which has an energy-equivalent of about 8.187 × 10 −14 joules ...
The invariant mass of an electron is approximately 9.109 × 10 −31 kg, [80] or 5.489 × 10 −4 Da. Due to mass–energy equivalence, this corresponds to a rest energy of 0.511 MeV (8.19 × 10 −14 J). The ratio between the mass of a proton and that of an electron is about 1836.
1° That the positive electrons have no real mass, but only a fictitious electromagnetic mass; or at least that their real mass, if it exists, is not constant and varies with the velocity according to the same laws as their fictitious mass; 2° That all forces are of electromagnetic origin, or at least that they vary with the velocity according ...
The energy–momentum relation is consistent with the familiar mass–energy relation in both its interpretations: E = mc 2 relates total energy E to the (total) relativistic mass m (alternatively denoted m rel or m tot), while E 0 = m 0 c 2 relates rest energy E 0 to (invariant) rest mass m 0.
In the image, the vector F 1 is the force experienced by q 1, and the vector F 2 is the force experienced by q 2. When q 1 q 2 > 0 the forces are repulsive (as in the image) and when q 1 q 2 < 0 the forces are attractive (opposite to the image). The magnitude of the forces will always be equal.