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When every term of a series is a non-negative real number, for instance when the terms are the absolute values of another series of real numbers or complex numbers, the sequence of partial sums is non-decreasing. Therefore a series with non-negative terms converges if and only if the sequence of partial sums is bounded, and so finding a bound ...
An infinite series of any rational function of can be reduced to a finite series of polygamma functions, by use of partial fraction decomposition, [8] as explained here. This fact can also be applied to finite series of rational functions, allowing the result to be computed in constant time even when the series contains a large number of terms.
A Laurent series is a generalization of the Taylor series, allowing terms with negative exponents; it takes the form = and converges in an annulus. [6] In particular, a Laurent series can be used to examine the behavior of a complex function near a singularity by considering the series expansion on an annulus centered at the singularity.
In mathematical analysis, Cesàro summation (also known as the Cesàro mean [1] [2] or Cesàro limit [3]) assigns values to some infinite sums that are not necessarily convergent in the usual sense. The Cesàro sum is defined as the limit, as n tends to infinity, of the sequence of arithmetic means of the first n partial sums of the series.
The plot of a Cauchy sequence (X n), shown in blue, as X n versus n. In the graph the sequence appears to be converging to a limit as the distance between consecutive terms in the sequence gets smaller as n increases. In the real numbers every Cauchy sequence converges to some limit.
The series for sine and cosine were rediscovered by Isaac Newton in 1669, [2] and the series for arctangent was rediscovered by James Gregory in 1671 and Gottfried Leibniz in 1673, [3] and is conventionally called Gregory's series. The specific value = can be used to calculate the circle constant π, and the arctangent series for 1 is ...
The geometric series is an infinite series derived from a special type of sequence called a geometric progression.This means that it is the sum of infinitely many terms of geometric progression: starting from the initial term , and the next one being the initial term multiplied by a constant number known as the common ratio .
The same definition can be used for series = whose terms are not numbers but rather elements of an arbitrary abelian topological group.In that case, instead of using the absolute value, the definition requires the group to have a norm, which is a positive real-valued function ‖ ‖: + on an abelian group (written additively, with identity element 0) such that: