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Bergamot is a major component of the original Eau de Cologne composed by Jean-Marie Farina at the beginning of the 18th century in Germany. The first use of bergamot oil as a fragrance ingredient was recorded in 1714, and can be found in the Farina Archive in Cologne .
Bergamot orange; Bergamot essential oil; Monarda, genus of herbaceous plants of similar odor to the bergamot orange; in particular Monarda didyma, called bergamot, scarlet beebalm, scarlet monarda, Oswego tea, or crimson beebalm; Monarda fistulosa, called wild bergamot or bee balm; Eau de Cologne mint, also called bergamot mint
The bergamotenes are pheromones for some insects. For example, β-trans-bergamotene is a pheromone for the wasp Melittobia digitata. [3]Plants can defend themselves against attack by herbivorous insects by producing pheromones such as bergamotenes that attract predators of those herbivores.
This claim has been confirmed for lime [55] [56] and bergamot. In particular, bergamot essential oil has a higher concentration of bergapten (3–3.6 g/kg) than any other Citrus-based essential oil. [57] A systematic review indicates that citrus fruit consumption is associated with a 10% reduction of risk for developing breast cancer. [58]
Monarda is a genus of flowering plants in the mint family, Lamiaceae. [3] The genus is endemic to North America. [2] [4] Common names include bergamot, bee balm, horsemint, and oswego tea, the first being inspired by the fragrance of the leaves, which is reminiscent of bergamot orange (Citrus bergamia).
Among the many related species is Citrus bergamia, the Bergamot orange. This is probably a bitter orange and limetta hybrid; it is cultivated in Italy for the production of bergamot oil, a component of many brands of perfume and tea, especially Earl Grey tea. [13] It is a less hardy plant than other bitter orange varieties. [10]
Bergamot essential oil is a cold-pressed essential oil produced by cells inside the rind of a bergamot orange fruit. It is a common flavouring and top note in perfumes. The scent of bergamot essential oil is similar to a sweet light orange peel oil with a floral note.
Bergamottin is derived from components originating in the shikimate pathway. [5] The biosynthesis of this compound starts with the formation of the demethylsuberosin (3) product, which is formed via the alkylation of the umbelliferone (2) compound. [6]