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In severe or acute hypoosmolar hyponatremia, swelling of brain cells causes various neurological abnormalities, which in severe or acute cases can result in convulsions, coma, and death. The symptoms of chronic syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis are more vague, and may include cognitive impairment, gait abnormalities, or osteoporosis. [2]
Hyponatremia or hyponatraemia is a low concentration of sodium in the blood. [4] It is generally defined as a sodium concentration of less than 135 mmol/L (135 mEq/L), with severe hyponatremia being below 120 mEq/L. [3] [8] Symptoms can be absent, mild or severe.
Normal dogs generally have post stimulation cortisol levels > 10 ug/dl. Post stimulation levels < 2 ug/dl is considered diagnostic and most Addison's patients are < 1 ug/dl. The ACTH stimulation test does not distinguish between primary and secondary hypoadrenocorticism, or adrenocortical destruction caused by mitotane overdose.
Vague symptoms, which wax and wane, can cause delay in recognition of the presence of the disease. [55] Female dogs appear more affected than male dogs, though this may not be the case in all breeds. [55] [56] The disease is most often diagnosed in dogs that are young to middle-aged, but it can occur at any age from 4 months to 14 years. [55]
Signs and symptoms of psychogenic polydipsia include: [3] Excessive thirst and xerostomia, leading to overconsumption of water; Hyponatraemia, causing headache, muscular weakness, twitching, confusion, vomiting, irritability etc., although this is only seen in 20–30% of cases. [4]
Hypoaldosteronism causes low sodium (hyponatremia), high potassium (hyperkalemia), and metabolic acidosis, a condition in which the body produces excess acid.These conditions are responsible for the symptoms of hypoaldosteronism, which include muscle weakness, nausea, palpitations, irregular heartbeat, and abnormal blood pressure.
Severity of symptoms is directly correlated with severity of hyponatremia and rapidness of onset. [3] General symptoms include loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, confusion, agitation, and weakness. [14] [3] More concerning symptoms involve the central nervous system and include seizures, coma, and death due to brain herniation.
Hypoosmolar hyponatremia is a condition where hyponatremia is associated with a low plasma osmolality. [1] The term "hypotonic hyponatremia" is also sometimes used. [2] When the plasma osmolarity is low, the extracellular fluid volume status may be in one of three states: low volume, normal volume, or high volume.