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The Tetragrammaton in Phoenician (12th century BCE to 150 BCE), Paleo-Hebrew (10th century BCE to 135 CE), and square Hebrew (3rd century BCE to present) scripts. The Tetragrammaton [note 1] is the four-letter Hebrew theonym יהוה (transliterated as YHWH or YHVH), the name of God in the Hebrew Bible.
Since the 17th century, the tetragrammaton was inscribed on top of altars, or in center of frescos, often in rays of light or in a triangle. [3] Moreover, on illustrations of Jewish High Priests (like Aaron ) or Jewish Priests (like Zechariah ), the tetragrammaton was used to illustrate the Priestly golden head plate .
This manuscript includes the tetragrammaton (written from right to left) in paleo-Hebrew. [2] [4] [5] Frank E. Shaw states: With the publication of P.Oxy. 3522, a Jewish scroll fragment containing two verses of Job 42 from the early first century CE, we are in a better position to judge the first of Pietersma's points.
The Tetragrammaton in the Ketef Hinnom silver scrolls with the Priestly Blessing from the Book of Numbers [10] (c. 600 BCE). Also abbreviated Jah, the most common name of God in the Hebrew Bible is the Tetragrammaton, יהוה, which is usually transliterated as YHWH.
Françoise Dunand claimed in 1966: "no doubt in P. Rylands 458 of Deuteronomy the tetragrammaton was written either in square Hebrew as in Papyrus F. 266, or in archaic characters". [ 5 ] Martin Rösel wrote in 2007 that the fragmentary manuscript contains neither Κύριος nor the Tetragrammaton, but it has "a gap in Deut. 26.18 where one ...
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Some Qumran texts written in the Assyrian script write the tetragrammaton and some other divine names in Paleo-Hebrew, and this practice is also found in several Jewish-Greek Biblical translations. [19] [nb 4] While spoken Hebrew continued to evolve into Mishnaic Hebrew, the scribal tradition for writing the Torah gradually developed. [27]
In Psalm 29:1, 2 Chron. 30:8, Isaiah 24:5, and Jeremiah 26:9 it translates the tetragrammaton once as "Yahweh" and once as L ORD. In 2 Chronicles 14:11, it translates the tetragrammaton three times as L ORD and once as "Yahweh". In Job 1:21, it translates the tetragrammaton twice as L ORD and one as "Yahweh".