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How a varicose vein forms in a leg. Figure A shows a normal vein with a working valve and normal blood flow. Figure B shows a varicose vein with a deformed valve, abnormal blood flow, and thin, stretched walls. The middle image shows where varicose veins might appear in a leg. Comparison of healthy and varicose veins
The ankle is often considered to comprise not only the ankle joint itself but also the structures surrounding it at the lower end of the leg and the beginning of the foot proper. Ankle pain may be symptomatic of inflammation of, or injury to, any of the tissues present in the region, including the joint space, cartilage , tendons , ligaments ...
Venous ulcer is defined by the American Venous Forum as "a full-thickness defect of skin, most frequently in the ankle region, that fails to heal spontaneously and is sustained by chronic venous disease, based on venous duplex ultrasound testing."
The lymphatic system slowly removes excess fluid and proteins from the veins in the lower legs towards the upper body; however, as it is not as efficient as an unimpaired circulatory system, swelling (edema) is visible, particularly in the ankles and lower leg.
When this flare occurs around the ankle, it is called an ankle flare. The condition is also known as a malleolar flare, in reference to the malleolus, the bony prominence on each side of the ankle. Ankle flares are often caused by venous ulcer, due to deep vein thrombosis or varicose veins.
Superficial vein thrombosis (SVT) extension to the deep vein system and/or recurrence of SVT. Suppurative thrombophlebitis is suspected when erythema extends significantly beyond the margin of the vein and is likely to be associated with significant fever. If suspected, antibiotic treatment, surgical drainage, and potentially vein excision are ...
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a type of venous thrombosis involving the formation of a blood clot in a deep vein, most commonly in the legs or pelvis. [9] [a] A minority of DVTs occur in the arms. [11] Symptoms can include pain, swelling, redness, and enlarged veins in the affected area, but some DVTs have no symptoms. [1]
The permeability and compressibility of the superficial vein system (SVS), the presence or absence of superficial insufficiency, and in which veins or vein segments; Which perforator veins are continent or insufficient; The presence or absence of shunts; Mapping the insufficient veins, flux direction, shunts, and perforators. [27] [nb 4]